It was just over a decade ago, that one of the largest sleep studies was conducted in Australia by the Sleep Foundation.
Modeled on the large Sleep in America study at the time, the results illustrated that a considerable proportion of Australians (especially older women), reported frequent sleeping difficulties.
These issues ranged from frequent waking during the night, waking unrefreshed and inadequate sleep. Daytime sleepiness, fatigue/exhaustion, memory concerns and irritability were common issues. [Hillman & Lack, 2013].
If I had of completed this survey at the time, I know that I would have reported on those sleep issues too. But it’s all very well having the research isn’t it, which serves to explain how deprived of sleep that we can get, especially as we move through menopause? What we really want to know is what to do about it.
It may be that menopause HRT may help as do other medications, and I always encourage women to explore this option with their Doctor, but there are also other things we can do too – this includes thinking about the effect of our nutrition on our sleep.
We all know how important sleep is to our feelings of wellbeing don’t we?
But sleep also helps to regulate metabolism. And a healthy metabolism helps you with the management of your menopause symptoms and your weight, if this is concerning to you.
The term ‘metabolism’ is defined as the whole range of biochemical processes that occur within a living organism. It constitutes the two processes of anabolism (healing and building, e.g. of muscles) and catabolism (tissue break down). In simpler terms, metabolism is the amount of energy (calories) the body burns to maintain itself.
Not sleeping night after night messes up your metabolism.
This means that overnight, if you aren’t sleeping, your body remains in a catabolic (breakdown) state, rather than an anabolic (healing) state.
Part of this is to do with higher cortisol levels (one of our stress hormones) and blood pressure overnight and the subsequent changes that remaining in a catabolic state causes to your appetite centre in your brain overnight.
As such, there is a known link between the brain and changes to your gut hormones, called leptin and grehlin. These hormones control hunger and satiety, or fullness to help keep your metabolism in balance.
Subsequently, when these hormones are out of balance, research suggests that your eating behaviours may be erratic during the day, including your energy levels.
Sleep deprivation changes eating behaviours. Research suggests that subjects who don’t sleep well prefer high carbohydrate foods (sweets, salty food and simple, starchy foods).
Craving for salty and or sweet foods has been known to increase up to 45% in some participants who feel sleep deprived. (Sharma & Kavaru, 2010). This may indicate that our food intake is driven by emotional and psychological need when we don’t sleep, rather than by the caloric needs of the body. For women in their menopause transition this is another link to potential weight gain as I found myself.
Sleeping all night is more important than we think, but so too, is controlling our food cravings.
How do women control food cravings to enable us to sleep better? This is often the dilemma and in this article, I want you to understand the carbs you need for better sleep.
Your brain requires glucose and needs these nutrients to help to calm it overnight, thereby helping you to sleep.
New Research suggests certain types of carbohydrates are risk factors for poor sleep in menopausal women.
A vast amount of research indicates that all aspects of sleep are inextricably linked with the brain and that the brain does not work properly without sleep. Thus, sleep is described briefly and clearly as follows: sleep is of the brain, by the brain, and for the brain. [Kanda, Tsujino et al, 2016].
So, what are the foods that our brain needs to help us sleep overnight? It’s a curious connection and one that I began to explore when my own sleep, or lack of it, was turning me into an exhausted wreck.
The relationship between insomnia and diet is an emerging area of interest as sleep disorders gain greater attention in mental and physical health studies.
But very few of these studies have been undertaken on women in menopause and post-menopause, which is why this one caught my eye.
Thousands of menopausal and postmenopausal women who participated in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study reported on their carbohydrate intake and type and their sleep quality and researchers followed them up for 3 years.
The findings support what I teach women on the MyMT™ programmes – that the type of carbohydrates we eat matter to our sleep. And it’s all about the Glycemic Index (GI) of the carbs. Those carbohydrate foods with a high Glycemic Index diets may be a risk-factor for insomnia, especially in post-menopausal women.
The large prospective study (Gangwisch, Hale et al, 2019) demonstrated that progressively higher dietary GI was associated with increased insomnia incidence over 3 years. This was after adjusting for demographic, behavioural, lifestyle, psychosocial and medical factors.
I’ve talked about the GI rating of carbohydrates in my articles before.
That’s why I loved this further research from the Women’s Health Initiative data, linking the glycemic index of carbohydrates to sleep quality.
The researchers found that added sugars, such as caloric sweeteners not naturally found in foods, typically have higher GIs, hence, the source of a sugar also influences the GI rating.
And that evening fruit juice that you might have each evening before bed, gets a mention too. It’s high in GI but if you can eat the fruit instead which of course, has the fibre in it, then this lowers the GI rating which is better for you being able to get off to sleep.
The research reported that out of the 7 most commonly consumed fruits in the United States, only 4 had a low GI rating (<55 on the GI rating scale) that didn’t effect sleep as much – these were, apples, strawberries, oranges and peaches.
Ripe bananas and grapes were moderate GI and watermelon has the highest GI in the fruits tested. (Gangwisch, Hale et al, 2019).
If you like to eat something before bedtime, make sure it is a food that is Low GI, which means that food with fibre is better. The higher the fibre content of food and fruits, the better for your sleep.
One of the greatest mistakes made in diets today, is that carbohydrates need to be avoided.
Carbohydrates are an important source of energy for all of us – but what’s more important for women in menopause, is the type of carbohydrate.
I do believe that much of the confusion results because the term ”carbs’ is used for processed foods and foods high in sugar and yes, we have to try and remove these sources of carbohydrates from our diet.
However, fruits and vegetables are carbohydrates too. So, are grains. Hence, understanding that carbohydrates are not created equal is important – they differ in type as well as how they affect your blood sugar and insulin levels.
Women on my 12 week programmes soon learn that when our blood sugar levels are high in the evening, then this releases insulin from the pancreas.
This, in turn, directly impacts the secretion of your sleep hormone, melatonin. Your brain loves glucose and high blood sugar levels cause glucose to cross the blood brain barrier. This competes with the production of melatonin.
For those of you exercising after dinner and/or eating or drinking high GI carbohydrates late at night, including alcohol, then this is an important point to note – these dietary behaviours can affect your sleep quality and duration, especially if you are in post-menopause.
What about starch? Should we have starch foods before bed?
Starches are complex carbohydrates. But again, all starches are not equal when it comes to the GI rating because it depends on the fibre content they contain.
Sources such as white bread and boiled potatoes have high GIs, whereas other fibre-rich sources including legumes, nuts/seeds, and yams have low GI.
When the researchers explored the data from the Women’s Health Initiative study, they examined different types of starches according to fibre content. As such, they found that progressively higher consumption of wholegrains was associated with lower insomnia prevalence and incidence.
Increased vegetable consumption was also associated with with decreased insomnia.
The 6 most commonly consumed vegetables in America which have low GI ratings are – onions, tomatoes, lettuce (both romaine and leaf lettuce), bell peppers and cucumbers. The most commonly eaten vegetable in America is potatoes, but the researchers noted that with most varieties and methods of cooking, potatoes have a high GI rating.
In finding a plausible mechanism between the GI ratings of foods and the connection with insomnia, the researchers suggest that when we have carbohydrate foods that have high GI ratings (whether at dinner or after dinner), then this increases blood levels of insulin.
Remember that when there is a lot of glucose in our blood, the hormone insulin is released by the pancreas in order to move this glucose to the sites where it is most needed – liver, muscles and of course, our brain.
If blood glucose levels are high, there is a lot of insulin released and as such, glucose is removed from our bloodstream and the result is high insulin and low blood glucose (which is now binding to insulin receptor sites).
Hence, this low blood glucose triggers a compensatory survival response which then lowers brain glucose. This causes stress hormones to increase (adrenaline and cortisol), which interfere with the production and release of our sleep hormone, melatonin.
I think that many of us know the symptoms of low blood and brain glucose and high stress hormones. Especially those of you who might do a lot of exercise and run out of energy at times.
Symptoms include – heart palpitations, tremor, cold sweats, numbness, anxiety, mood swings (especially irritability and anger) and of course, hunger!
If you recognise any of these symptoms and wonder if it’s related to menopause, then I would suggest you also look at your diet too.
It is well known in sleep physiology that high blood sugar levels affect your sleep and poor sleep affects your blood sugar levels. It’s a vicious cycle.
As the amount of sleep decreases, blood sugar increases, escalating the issue, which sends many post-menopausal women heading towards Type 2 diabetes.
It’s why I always mention to women in my Masterclass on Menopause, that sleep is more important than exercise for losing menopause fat.
If we aren’t sleeping, we aren’t losing menopause fat. It’s as simple as that.
Wendy Sweet (PhD) Member: Australasian Society of Lifestyle Medicine
References:
Brand-Miller, J. Foster-Powell, K. & Colagiuri, S. (2002). The Glucose Revolution. University of Sydney: Hodder Print.
Hillman, D. & Lack, L. (2013). Public health implications of sleep loss:
the community burden. MJA 199: S7–S10 doi: 10.5694/mja13.10620
Kanda, T., Tsujino, N., Kuramoto, E. et al. (2016). Sleep as a biological problem: an overview of frontiers in sleep research. J Physiol Sci 66, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12576-015-0414-3
Gangwisch J., Hale, L., St-Onge, MP, Choi, L. et al (2020). High glycemic index and glycemic load diets as risk factors for insomnia: analyses from the Women’s Health Initiative, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 111, Issue 2, February 2020, Pages 429–439, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz275
Siddiqui R, Makhlouf Z, Alharbi AM, Alfahemi H, Khan NA. The Gut Microbiome and Female Health. Biology (Basel). 2022 Nov 21;11(11):1683. doi: 10.3390/biology11111683.
Sharma, S., & Kavuru, M. (2010). Sleep and metabolism: an overview. International journal of endocrinology, 270832. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/270832
St-Onge MP, Roberts A, Shechter A, Choudhury AR. (2016). Fiber and saturated fat are associated with sleep arousals and slow wave sleep. J Clin Sleep Med 2016;12(1):19–24.
